𝐏𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐜𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞

 

Pharmacovigilance, a critical component of public health and drug regulation, is the systematic monitoring, assessment, and management of the safety profile of pharmaceutical products. Its primary goal is to identify and minimize potential risks associated with these products, ensuring their safe and effective use.

Once a drug is approved and enters the market, pharmacovigilance processes come into play. Adverse events, which encompass any unexpected or harmful effects caused by a medication, are reported by healthcare professionals, patients, and sometimes even pharmaceutical companies. These reports form the basis of pharmacovigilance efforts. 

The data collected is meticulously analyzed to identify patterns, trends, and potential causal relationships between drugs and adverse events. This process helps detect previously unrecognized side effects, interactions, or even rare conditions that may not have been evident in clinical trials. Timely detection of such issues allows regulatory authorities to take appropriate actions, which might include issuing warnings, updating labeling information, or even withdrawing a drug from the market if the risks outweigh the benefits.

Pharmacovigilance also plays a pivotal role in post-market surveillance, where the safety of drugs is continuously monitored as they are used by a broader population. This ongoing assessment helps refine our understanding of a drug's safety profile and ensures that any emerging safety concerns are promptly addressed.

Collaboration among various stakeholders is key to the success of pharmacovigilance. Regulatory agencies, healthcare providers, pharmaceutical companies, and patients all contribute to the process by reporting adverse events and sharing information. This collective effort strengthens the overall safety surveillance network.

In recent years, advancements in technology and data analysis have transformed pharmacovigilance. Automated systems, data mining techniques, and artificial intelligence tools are used to process large volumes of data efficiently, identify trends, and provide early warnings for potential safety issues.

In conclusion, pharmacovigilance is a vital component of modern healthcare and drug regulation. By monitoring and managing the safety of pharmaceutical products throughout their lifecycle, it enhances patient safety, improves regulatory decision-making, and fosters a culture of responsible medication use.

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𝓜𝓮𝓭𝓲𝓬𝓪𝓵 𝓒𝓸𝓪𝓭𝓲𝓷𝓰

 

Medical coding is the process of assigning standardized codes to medical diagnoses, procedures, and services. These codes are used for various purposes, including medical billing, insurance reimbursement, data analysis, and research.

Medical coding is necessary because it ensures accurate and consistent documentation of medical records, allows for efficient communication between healthcare providers, insurance companies, and regulatory agencies, and facilitates the accurate and timely processing of medical claims.

There are different coding systems used in medical coding, including:

International Classification of Diseases (ICD): ICD codes are used to classify and code diagnoses, symptoms, and medical conditions. The current version is ICD-10, with ICD-11 set to be implemented in the future.

Current Procedural Terminology (CPT): CPT codes are used to document and code medical procedures, surgeries, and specialized services. This system is developed and maintained by the American Medical Association (AMA).

Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS): HCPCS codes are used for coding various healthcare services, equipment, supplies, and medications. This system includes both Level I codes (CPT codes) and Level II codes (additional codes developed by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services).

Medical coders are responsible for assigning appropriate codes based on the documentation provided by healthcare providers. They must have knowledge of anatomy, medical terminology, disease processes, and coding guidelines. Accuracy and attention to detail are critical in medical coding to ensure proper reimbursement and compliance with coding regulations.

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NEET 2017 Results Likely to be Declared by CBSE Today on www.cbseneet.nic.in

New Delhi: The National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test (NEET) results 2017 is likely to be declared by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) on www.cbseneet.nic.in on Monday, June 12, sources told CNN-News18.

In a relief to lakh of candidates who appeared for the exam this year, the Supreme Court on Monday gave the go-ahead to the CBSE to declare the result which had been put on hold by the Madras High Court.

The result, when declared, would be available on cbseneet.nic.in. Here’s how you can check your score:

— Log on to cbseneet.nic.in, CBSE’s official website for NEET

— Click on 'NEET results 2017'

— Enter the roll number and other required details

— Click on 'Submit'

— Download the NEET Result 2017 and take a print out for future reference

Around 10.5 lakh students appeared for the exam in either Hindi or English while around 1.25 lakh to 1.50 lakh students appeared in eight vernacular languages —Tamil, Telugu, Marathi, Bengali, Assamese, Gujarati, Oriya and Kannada.

The NEET 2017 result had been held up due to an order of the Madras High Court which on May 24 granted interim stay on the publication of NEET results on a batch of pleas alleging that a uniform question paper was not given in the examination and there was a vast difference between the ones in English and in Tamil.

The NEET examination for admission to undergraduate medical and dental courses was held on May 7.

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Top 100 Biology General Knowledge Questions and Answers

Quick knowledge

 

1. Trunk of tree increases in grith due to cell division in which tissue? – Meristematic tissue 
2. Which tissue in cells have lost the capicity of cell division? – Permanent tissue 
3. Which scientist studied about wheat rust problem? – K. C. Mehta 
4. Most of the plants obtain nitrogen from the soil in which from? – Nitrates 
5. Which fungus is responsible for disease late blight of potato? – Phytophthora infestans 
6. Which is responsible for red rot of sugarcane? – Collectorichum falcatum 
7. Which stage of development of insect is most harmful for crop? – Caterpillar 
8. In India famous Bengal famine accurred in 1942 by which disease? – Leaf spot of rice 
9. Which factors are most responsible for disease in plant? – Fungi 
10. Which fungus is responsible for the tikka disease of groundnut? – Cercosplora personata 
11. Which animals who have constant body temperature? – Homeothermic 
12. What is treatment of body defects through massage and exercise? – Physiotherapy 
13. What is making interesting discoveries unexpectedly or by accident? – Serendipity 
14. What is Study of growth and development of embryo? – Embryology 
15. Which branch of biology is concerned with study and function of internal organ of organism? – Physiology 
16. Which branch of science deal with the study of causative agent of disease? – Etiology 

17. What is the Study of pulse and arterial blood pressure called? – Sphygmology 
18. Which branch of biology deals with the study of processing and preservation of food? – Food technology 
19. What is the Study of the effects of toxic chemical substance on animal and plant? – Toxicology 
20. What is the Branch of science which deals with the study of skin of man? – Dermatology 
21. The release of which fish into wells helps in controlling the mosquitoes? – Gambusia fish 
22. Which animal lays eggs and does not produce young ones directly? – Echidna 
23. How many pair of heart is found in an earthworm? – Four 
24. Which substance found in blood which helps in cloting? – Fibrinogen 
25. Which worm reach into intestine of human by eating leaf? – Tape worm 
26. Which is the phylum that includes exclusively marine animal? – Echinodermata 
27. Which organs has its own wave of autonomic excitation? – Heart 
28. What is the short upper part of human intestine next to the stomach? – Duodenum 
29. A person feel fatigued due to depositon of which acid in their muscles? – Latic Acid 
30. In the retina of eye cells what is present for colour differentiation? – Cones 
31. Which gland is responsible for the secretion of insulin? – Pancrease 
32. What is considered as the easily digestable source of protein? – Soyabean 
33. What percentage of water found in blood plasma of human? – 91 to 92% 
34. Which blood vessel bringing blood into Bowman’s capsule? – Afferent arteriole 
35. Bu which antibodies are produced in the plasma of blood? – Lymphocytes 
36. Which enzyme take part in digestion of milk protein? – Rennin 
37. Which part of brain is centre of thirst hunger and sleep? – Hypothalmus 
38. Blood Coagualtion is prevented by which chemical when it flow through artery and vein? – Heparin 
39. Which organelles in the cell, other than nucleus contains DNA? – Mitochondria 
40. What is infolding from the inner membrane of mitochondria called? – Cristae 
41. In a living cell what is the site of ribosome formation? – Nucleolus 
42. What do both respiration and photosynthesis require? – Cytochromes 
43. In absence of ribosome in cell which function does not takes place? – Protein synthesis 
44. Deficiency of which vitamin, causes xerophthelmia? – Vitamin A 
45. Which antimicrobial drug is suitable for treatment of both tuberculosis and leprosy? – Rifampicin 
46. Insects that can transmit diseases to human are referred to as which name? – Vectors 
47. Pneumoconiosis affects the workers who work mainly in which industry? – Coal mining industry 
48. Lathyrism is caused by excessive consumption of which thing? – Khesari Dal 
49. Which part of blood carry out the function of body defence? – White blood cell 
50. Which disease is caused due to presence of excess arsenic in water? – Skin Cancer 
51. What is the transmission of characters from one generation to next? – Heredity 
52. Who got noble prize for artificial synthesis of DNA? – Kornberg 
53. What is the smallest part of DNA that undergoes recombination? – Recon 
54. By whom was Artificial gene synthesis first done in laboratory? – Khurana 
55. By whom the concept of survival of the fittest as advanced? – Herbert Spencer 
56. From the evolutionary point of view, which is the most primitive animal? – Turtle 
57. Which was the Russian scientist who proposed the theory of origin of life? – Oparin 
58. Who published the book ‘Origin of species by natural selection in 1859’? – Darwin 
59. Which is most primitive ancestor of man ? – Australopithecus 
60. Which harmful element tobacoo exists in tobacoo ? – Nicotine 
61. What is abiotic component of ecosystem? – Water 
62. What is Study of inter relationship between living organism and their environment? – Ecology 
63. Epiphytes are plant which depend on other plants for which purpose? – Mechanical support 
64. What amount of energy transfered from one trophic level to next? – 10% 
65. Plant and animal living in a particular area, what is it called? – Community 
66. Reduced leaves and sunken stomata are the main feature of which thing? – Xerophytes 
67. What ratio of forest area needed for ecologycal balance in India? – 33.3% 
68. Ultimate environmental hazard to mankind, why? – Due to Nuclear pollution 
69. Sound become hazardous noise pollution at which level? – Above 80 dB 
70. Which energy do not have the problem of pollution? – Sun 
71. Which air pollutant affect the nervous system of man? – Lead 
72. By which is the Atmosphere of big metropolition cities is polluted most? – Automobile exhausts 
73. National Environmental Engineering research institute is situated in which city? – Nagpur 
74. Edward Jenner is related with which disease? – Small pox 
75. Which Scientist first explained about circulatory system? – William Harvey 
76. Who discovered Anopheles mosquito transmit malaria? – Ronal ross 
77. Who discovered the causal organism of the disease Anthrax? – Robert Koch 

78. Which Scientists has established the ‘Phylum Annelida’? – Lamark 
79. Which Biologist proposed the theory of Germ plasm? – Weisman 
80. For which is the southern blot technique used for the detection? – DNA 
81. For which is the northern blot technique used for the detection? – RNA 
82. What is the introduction of foreign genes for improving genotype? – Immunisation 
83. Which vitamin is transformed in golden rice ? – Vitamin A 
84. Human protein x –1 – antitrysin is used for which disease? – Emphysama 
85. Which type of cell has the ability to develop into any type of all ? – Stem cell 
86. What is the percentage of land area covered under forest according to Indian Forest policy? – 33% 
87. Which organisation is responsible for maintaing Red data book? – IUGN 
88. What is the main cause of extinction of species from tropics? – Deforestation 
89. What is the number of plant species estimated to be present in India? – 40,000 
90. Which group has the highest number of endangered species ? – Reptiles 
91. Silent valley having rare plant and animal is located in which state? – Kerala 
92. Which is the first national park established in India? – Corbet 93. Insectivorous plant generally grow in soil which is deficient in which gas? – Nitrogen 
94. What is one-way relationship where one species benefits at the expense of another is called? – Parasitism 
95. What is symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit’ is best described? – Mutualism 
96. Which of a species describes the tropic function it fills in its environment? – Niche 
97. What is the least influential in determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes? – Salinity 
98. What is the term for the maximum number of individuals that an area can support indefinitely? – Carrying capacity 
99. The massive hole in the ozone layer over the Antarctica was first discovered in which year? – 1985 
100. Which animals have a diet mainly consisting of bamboo? – Red pandas 

Quick knowledge

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आज का इतिहास 03 दिसंबर (देश-विदेश)

आज ही के दिन यानि 03 दिसंबर को भारत सहित विश्व इतिहास की प्रमुख घटनाएं इस प्रकार है–
1469 – इटली के विख्यात राजनेता और इतिहासकार निकोलो मैक्यावेले का फ़लोरेन्स नगर में जन्म हुआ।
1790 – लार्ड कार्नवालिस ने आपराधिक मामलों में न्याय की ताकत मुशिर्दाबाद के नवाब से छीन कर अपने हाथ में कर ली और सदर निजामत अदालत को कोलकाता स्थानंतरित कर दिया गया।
1828 – एंड्रयू जैक्सन अमेरिका के सातवें राष्ट्रपति चुने गए।
1829 – वायसराय लॉर्ड विलियम बैंटिक ने भारत में सती प्रथा पर रोक लगायी।
1882 – प्रसिद्ध कलाकार नंदलाल बोस का जन्म हुआ।
1884 – भारत के पहले राष्ट्रपति राजेंद्र प्रसाद का जन्म बिहार के जीरादेई में हुआ।
1889 – स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन में सबसे कम उम्र में फांसी पर चढ़ने वाले क्रांतिकारी खुदीराम बोस का जन्म हुआ।
1910 – फ्रांसीसी भौतिकशास्त्री जॉर्जेज क्लाउड द्वारा विकसित विश्व के पहले नियोन लैम्प का पहली बार पेरिस के मोटर शो में प्रदर्शन किया।
1912 – तुर्की, बुल्गारिया, सबिर्या, यूनान और मोंटेगरो ने युद्धविराम समझौता किया।
1937 – भारतीय भाषाविद विनोद बिहारी वर्मा का जन्म हुआ।
1948 – पूर्वी चीन सागर में चीनी शरणार्थी जहाज को ले जा रहे जहाज कियांग्या में विस्फोट होने से 1,100 लोगों की मौत हुई।
1967 – इंडोनेशिया के पूर्व राष्ट्रपति सुकर्णो नजरबंद किये गए।
1970 – लार्ड कार्नवालिस ने आपराधिक मामलों में न्याय की ताकत मुर्शिदाबाद के नवाब से छीनकर अपने हाथ में कर ली और सदर निजामत अदालत को कोलकाता स्थानांतरित कर दिया।
1971 – भारत और पाकिस्तान के बीच युद्ध शुरू होने के बाद देश में आपातकाल लागू हुआ।
1976 – दक्षिण अफ्रीका के पूर्व विकेट कीपर मार्क बाउचर का जन्म हुआ। उन्होंने 147 टेस्ट मैच में 5515 रन बनाए। विकेट के पीछे 525 कैच लपके तथा 23 स्टंप्स किए। 1979 – हॉकी के जादूगर ध्यान चंद का निधन हुआ। 1984 – भोपाल स्थित यूनियन कार्बाइड फैक्ट्री से विषैली गैस लीक होने से कम से कम 3000 लोग मारे गए और कई हजार व्यक्ति शारीरिक विकृति के शिकार हो गए। 1989 – रूस के राष्ट्रपति मिखाइल गोर्बाच्योव और अमेरिका के राष्ट्रपति जॉर्ज बुश ने शीत युद्ध खत्म होने की घोषणा की। 2004 – भारत और पाकिस्तान 40 वर्षो के बाद मुनाबाव और खोखरापार के बीच रेल संपर्क फिर से बहाल करने के लिए सहमत हुए। 2011 – फिल्म अभिनेता देव आनंद का निधन हुआ। 

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